Placenta
Volume 29 , Pages 160-165 , October 2008

Reproductive Assistance for Infected Couples with Bloodborne Viruses

,Accepted 7 August 2008.

References 

  1. Berry W, Gottesfeld R, Alter H, Vierling J. Transmission of hepatitis B virus by artificial insemination. J Am Med Assoc. 1987;257:1079–1081
  2. Lesourd F, Izopet J, Mervan C, Payen JL, Sandres K, Monrozies X, et al. Transmissions of hepatitis C virus during the ancillary procedures for assisted conception. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:1083–1085
  3. McKee T, Avery S, Majid A, Brinsden P. Risks for transmission of hepatitis C during artificial insemination. Fertil Steril. 1996;66:161–163
  4. Stewart GJ, Tyler JP, Cunningham AL, Barr JA, Driscoll GL, Gold J, et al. Transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) by arti®cial insemination by donor. Lancet. 1985;2:581–585
  5. Chiasson M, Stoneburner R, Joseph S. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission through artificial insemination. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1990;3:69–72
  6. Araneta MR, Mascola L, Eller A, O'Neil L, Ginsberg MM, Bursaw M, et al. HIV transmission through donor artificial insemination. J Am Med Assoc. 1995;273:854–858
  7. Wortley P, Hammett T, Fleming P. Donor insemination and human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:515–518
  8. Matz B, Kupfer B, Ko Y, Walger P, Vetter H, Eberle J, et al. HIV-1 infection by artificial insemination. Lancet. 1998;351:728
  9. Edelstein M, Kruithoff C, Brothman L, Veeck L, Alexander N, Muasher S. The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in patients and their spouse entering a large in vitro fertilization program. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf. 1990;7:254–256
  10. Abusheikha N, Akagbosu F, Marcus S, Lass A, Cousins C, Brinsden P. Viral screening and assisted conception treatment-the bourn hall experience. J Assist Reprod Genet. 1999;16:337–339
  11. American Fertility Society . Revised new guidelines for the use of semen donor insemination. Fertil Steril. 1988;49:211
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Perspectives in disease prevention and health promotion update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunode®ciency virus, hepatitis B virus and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1988;37:377–388
  13. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Code of practice: HIV screening for gamete donors; 1991.
  14. Barratt C, Matson P, Holt W. British andrology society guidelines for the screening of semen donors for donor insemination. Hum Reprod. 1993;8:1521–1523
  15. Barratt C, Englert Y, Gottlieb C, Jouannet P. Gamete donation guidelines. The corsendonk consensus statements for the European Union. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:500–501
  16. World Health Organization . WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and semen±cervical mucus interaction. 4th ed.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999;
  17. Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine . Human immunodeficiency virus and infertility treatment. Fertil Steril. 2002;77:218–222
  18. Englert Y, Van Vooren JP, Place I, Liesnard C, Laruelle C, Delbaere A. ART in HIV-infected couples. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:1309–1315
  19. Alter MJ. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection. J Hepatol. 2006;44:S6–S9
  20. Botta-Fridlund D. Risk of hepatitis virus B and C transmission during medically assisted reproduction. Contracept Fertil Sex. 1994;22:298–301
  21. Zeuzem S, Teuber G, Lee JH, Rüster B, Roth WK. Risk factors for the transmission of hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 1996;24:3–10
  22. Pawlotsky JM. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection with repeatedly normal aminotransferase levels: disease or not disease?. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:1775–1777
  23. Caldwell SH, Sue M, Bowden JH, Dickson RC, Driscoll CJ, Yeaton P, et al. Hepatitis C virus in body fluids after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg. 1996;2:124–129
  24. Englert Y, Lesage B, Van Vooren JP, Liesnard C, Place I, Vannin AS, et al. Medically assisted reproduction in the presence of chronic viral diseases. Hum Reprod Update. 2004;10:149–162
  25. Arrêté du 12-1-1999. Journal official du 28-2-1999 relatif aux rêgles de Bonnes Pratiques cliniques et biologiques en Assistance Médicale à la Procrèation.
  26. Arrêté du 10 Mai modifiant l'arrêté du 12 Janvier 1999 relatif aux rěgles de bonnes pratiques cliniques et biologiques en assistance médicale à la procréation. J Off Répub Fr. 2001;112:7735–7736
  27. Decree of May 10 Prise en charge en assistance médicale à la procréation des patients à risque viral. J Off Répub Fr. mai 2001;15:7735;Arrêté du 10 mai 2001
  28. Baccetti B, Benedetto A, Burrini AG, Collodel G, Ceccarini EC, Crisa N, et al. HIV-particles in spermatozoa of patients with AIDS and their transfer into the oocyte. J Cell Biol. 1994;127:903–914
  29. Brogi A, Presentini R, Moretti E, Strazza M, Piomboni P, Costantino-Ceccarini EE. New insights into the interaction between the gp120 and the HIV receptor in human sperm. J Reprod Immunol. 1998;41:213–231
  30. Lasheeb AS, King J, Ball JK, Curran R, Barratt CL, Afnan M, et al. Semen characteristics in HIV-1 positive men and the effect of semen washing. Genitourin Med. 1997;73:303–305
  31. Quayle AJ, Xu C, Mayer KH, Anderson Dj. T lymphocytes and macrophages, but not motile spermatozoa are a significant source of human immunodeficiency virus in semen. J Infect Dis. 1997;176:960–968
  32. Pudney J, Nguyen H, Xu C, Anderson DJ. Microscopic evidence against HIV-1 infection of germ cells or attachment to sperm. J Reprod Immunol. 1998;4:105–125
  33. Semprini AE, Levi-Setti P, Bozzo M, Ravizza M, Taglioretti A, Sulpizio P, et al. Insemination of HIV-negative women with processed semen of HIV-positive partners. Lancet. 1992;28:1317–1319
  34. Borzy MS, Connell RS, Kiessling AA. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus in cell-free seminal fluid. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1988;1:419–424
  35. Bujan L, Pasquier C, Labeyrie E, Lanusse-Crousse P, Morucci M, Daudin M. Insemination with isolated and virologically tested spermatozoa is a safe way for human immunodeficiency type 1 virus-serodiscordant couples with an infected male partner to have a child. Fertil Steril. 2004;82:857–862
  36. Bagasra O, Freund M, Weidmann J, Harley . Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus with human sperm in vitro. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1988;1:431–435
  37. Bagasra O, Farzadegan H, Seshamma T, Oakes JW, Saah A, Pomerantz RJ. Detection of HIV-1 proviral DNA in sperm from HIV-1 infected men. AIDS. 1994;8:1669–1674
  38. Anderson DJ, et al. Presence of HIV-1 in semen. In:  Alexander NJ,  Gabelnick HL,  Spieler JM editor. Heterosexual transmission of AIDS. Proceedings of the Second Contraceptive Research and Development (CONRAD) Program International Workshop, Norfolk, Virginia, February 1–3, 1989. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1990;p. 167–180
  39. Baccetti B, Benedetto A, Burrini AG, Collodel G, Elia C, Piomboni P, et al. HIV particles detected in spermatozoa of patients with AIDS. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 1991;23:339–345
  40. Baccetti B, Benedetto A, Collodel G, Di Caro A, Garbuglia AR, Piomboni P. The debate on the presence of HIV-1 in human gametes. J Reprod Immunol. 1998;41:41–67
  41. Gobert B, Amiel C, Tang JQ, Barbarino P, Bene MC, Faure G. CD4-like molecules in human sperm. FEBS Lett. 1990;261:339–342
  42. Miller VE, Scofield VL. Transfer of HIV-1 by semen: role of sperm. In:  Alexander NJ,  Gabelnick HL,  Spieler JM editor. Heterosexual transmission of AIDS. Proceedings of the Second Contraceptive Research and Development (CONRAD) Program International Workshop, held in Norfolk, Virginia, February 1–3, 1989. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1990;p. 147–154
  43. Pudney J. Caveats associated with identifying HIV-1 using transmission electron microscopy. In:  Alexander NJ,  Gabelnick HL,  Spieler JM editor. Heterosexual transmission of AIDS. Proceedings of the Second Contraceptive Research and Development (CONRAD) Program International Workshopheld in Norfolk, Virginia, February 1–3, 1989. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1990;p. 197–204
  44. Mermin JH, Holodniy M, Katzenstein DA, Merigan TC. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus DNA and RNA in semen by the polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:769–772
  45. Van Voorhis BJ, Martinez A, Mayer K, Anderson DJ. Detection of HIV-1 in semen from seropositive men using culture and polymerase chain detection deoxyribonucleic acid amplification techniques. Fertil Steril. 1991;55:588–594
  46. Scofield VL, Rao B, Broder S, Kennedy C, Wallace M, Graham B, et al. HIV interaction with sperm. AIDS. 1994;8:1733–1736
  47. Dussaix E, Guetard D, Dauget C, D'Almeida M, Auer J, Ellrodt A, et al. Spermatozoa as potential carriers of HIV-1. Res Virol. 1993;144:487–495
  48. Nuovo GJ, Becker J, Simsir A, Margiotta M, Khalife G, Shevchuk M. HIV-1 nucleic acids localize to the spermatogonia and their progeny. A study by polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization. Am J Pathol. 1994;144:1142–1148
  49. Muciaccia B, Uccini S, Filippini A, Ziparo E, Paraire F, Baroni CD, et al. Presence and cellular distribution of HIV-1 in the testes of seropositive subjects: an evaluation by in situ PCR hybrydization. FASEB J. 1998;12:151–163
  50. Persico T, Savasi V, Ferrazzi E, Oneta M, Semprini AE, Simoni G. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus-1 RNA and DNA by extractive and in situ PCR in unprocessed semen and seminal fractions isolated by semen-washing procedure. Hum Reprod. 2006;21:1525–1530
  51. Ohl J, Partisani M, Wittemer C, Schmitt MP, Cranz C, Stoll-Keller F, et al. Assisted reproduction techniques for HIV serodiscordant couples: 18 months of experience. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:1244–1249
  52. Garrido N, Meseguer M, Bellver J, Remohi J, Simon C, Pellicer AA. Report of the results of a 2 year programme of sperm wash and ICSI treatment human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus serodiscordant couples. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:2581–2586
  53. Politch JA, Xu C, Tucker L. Anderson DJ Separation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from motile sperm by the double tube gradient method versus other methods. Fertil Steril. 2004;81:440–447
  54. Marina S, Marina F, Alcolea R, Exposito R, Huguet J, Nadal J, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-serodiscordant couples can bear healthy children after undergoing intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril. 1998;70:35–39
  55. Garrido N, Meseguer M, Bellver J. In vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection for human immunodeficiency virus-1 serodiscordant couples. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:1121
  56. Meseguer M, Garrido N, Gimeno C, Remohı J, Simòn C, Pellicer C. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction-dependent methods for determining the presence of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus in washed sperm. Fertil Steril. 2002;78:1199–1202
  57. Leruez-Ville M, de Almeida M, Tachet A, Dulioust E, Guibert J, Mandelbrot L, et al. Assisted reproduction in HIV-1-serodifferent couples: the need for viral validation of processed semen. AIDS. 2002;16:2267–2273
  58. Xu C, Politch JA, Mayer KH, Anderson DJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 episomal cDNA in semen. AIDS Res Ther. 2005;2:9
  59. Fiore RJ, Lorusso F, Vacca M, Ladisa N, Greco P, De Palo R. The efficiency of sperm washing in removing human immunodeficienncy type varies according to the seminal viral load. Fertil Steril. 2005;84:232–234
  60. Vernazza P, Hirsch B, Bernasconi E. HIV-infected persons on effective anti-retroviral therapy are sexually non-infectious. <http://www.nadironlus.org/modules>; Last access July 2008.
  61. Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science. 1989;244:359–362
  62. Moyer LA, Mast EE, Alter MJ. Hepatitis C: part II. Prevention counseling and medical evaluation. Am Fam Physician. 1999;59:349–354
  63. Everhart JE, Di Bisceglie AM, Murray LM, Alter HJ, Melpolder JJ, Kuo G, et al. Risk for non-A, non-B (type C) hepatitis through sexual or household contact with chronic carriers. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:544–545
  64. Levy R, Tardy JC, Bourlet T, Cordonier H, Mion F, Lornage J, et al. Transmission risk of hepatitis C virus in assisted reproductive techniques. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:810–816
  65. Belec L, Legoff J, Si-Mohamed A, Bloch F, Matta M, Mbopi-Keou FX, et al. Cell-associated, non-replicating strand(þ) hepatitis C virus-RNA shedding in cervicovaginal secretions from chronically HCV infected women. J Clin Virol. 2003;27:247–251
  66. Beld M, Sentjens R, Rebers S, Weel J, Wertheim-van Dillen P, Sol C, et al. Detection and quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA in feces of chronically infected individuals. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:3442–3444
  67. Liou TC, Chang TT, Young KC, Lin XZ, Lin CY, Wu HL. Detection of HCV RNA in saliva, urine, seminal fluid, and ascites. J Med Virol. 1992;37:197–202
  68. Numata N, Ohori H, Hayakawa Y, Saitoh Y, Tsunoda A, Kanno A. Demonstration of hepatitis C virus genome in saliva and urine of patients with type C hepatitis: usefulness of the single round polymerase chain reaction method for detection of the HCV genome. J Med Virol. 1993;41:120–128
  69. Young KC, Chang TT, Liou TC, Wu HL. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in saliva. J Med Virol. 1993;41:55–60
  70. Kumar RM, Shahul S. Role of breast-feeding in transmission of hepatitis C virus to infants of HCV-infected mothers. J Hepatol. 1998;29:191–197
  71. Hsu HH, Wright TL, Luba D, Martin M, Feinstone SM, Garcia G, et al. Failure to detect hepatitis C virus genome in human secretions with the polymerase chain reaction. Hepatology. 1991;14:763–767
  72. Fried MW, Shindo M, Fong TL, Fox PC, Hoofnagle JH, Di Bisceglie AM. Absence of hepatitis C viral RNA from saliva and semen of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:1306–1308
  73. Terada S, Kawanishi K, Katayama K. Minimal hepatitis C infectivity in semen. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:171–172
  74. Semprini AE, Persico T, Thiers V, Oneta M, Tuveri R, Serafini P, et al. Absence of hepatitis C virus and detection of hepatitis G virus/GB virus C RNA sequences in the semen of infected men. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:848–854
  75. Debono E, Halfon P, Bourliere M, Gerolami-Santandrea V, Gastaldi M, Castellani P, et al. Absence of hepatitis C genome in semen of infected men by polymerase chain reaction, branched DNA and in situ hybridization. Liver. 2000;20:257–261
  76. Kotwal GJ. Routine laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol. 1993;17:S83–S89
  77. Kotwal GJ, Baroudy BM, Kuramoto IK, McDonald FF, Schiff GM, Holland PV, et al. Detection of acute hepatitis C virus infection by ELISA using a synthetic peptide comprising a structural epitope. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:4486–4489
  78. Liu FH, Tian GS, Fu XX. Detection of plus and minus strand hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and spermatid. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1994;74:284–286
  79. Fiore RJ, Potenza D, Monno L, Appice A, Di Stefano M, Giannelli A, et al. Detection of HCV RNA in serum and seminal fluid from HIV-1 co-infected intravenous drug addicts. J Med Virol. 1995;46:364–367
  80. Leruez-Ville M, Kunstmann JM, De Almeida M, Rouzioux C, Chaix ML. Detection of hepatitis C virus in the semen of infected men. Lancet. 2000;356:42–43
  81. Levy R, Bourlet T, Maertens A, Salle B, Lornage J, Laurent JL, et al. Pregnancy after safe IVF with hepatitis C virus RNA-positive sperm. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:2650–2653
  82. Pasquier C, Daudin M, Righi L, Berges L, Thauvin L, Berrebi A, et al. Sperm washing and virus nucleic acid detection to reduce HIV and hepatitis C virus transmission in serodiscordant couples wishing to have children. AIDS. 2000;14:2093–2099
  83. Bourlet T, Levy R, Maertens A, Tardy JC, Grattard F, Cordonier H, et al. Detection and characterization of hepatitis C virus RNA in seminal plasma and spermatozoon fractions of semen from patients attempting medically assisted conception. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3252–3255
  84. Cassuto NG, Sifer C, Feldmann G, Bouret D, Moret F, Benifla JL, et al. A modified RT-PCR technique to screen for viral RNA in the semen of hepatitis C viruspositive men. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:3153–3156
  85. Nyamathi A, Robbins WA, Fahey JL, Wiley D, Pekler VA, Longshore D, et al. Presence and predictors of hepatitis C virus RNA in the semen of homeless men. Biol Res Nurs. 2002;4:22–30
  86. Pasquier C, Bujan L, Daudin M, Righi L, Berges L, Thauvin L, et al. Intermittent detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in semen from men with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HCV. J Med Virol. 2003;69:344–349
  87. Pekler VA, Robbins WA, Nyamathi A, Yashina TL, Leak B, Robins TA. Use of versant TMA and bDNA 3.0 assays to detect and quantify hepatitis C virus in semen. J Clin Lab Anal. 2003;17:264–270
  88. Mencaglia L, Falcone P, Lentini GM, Consigli S, Pisoni M, Lofiego V, et al. ICSI for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus-serodiscordant couples with infected male partner. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:2242–2246
  89. Loskutoff NM, Huyser C, Singh R, Walker DL, Thornhill AR, Morris L, et al. Use of a novel washing method combining multiple density gradients and trypsin for removing human immunodeficiency virus-1 and hepatitis C virus from semen. Fertil Steril. 2005;84:1001–1010
  90. Briat A, Dulioust E, Galimand J, Fontaine H, Chaix ML, Letur-Konirsch H, et al. Hepatitis C virus in the semen of men coinfected with HIV-1: prevalence and origin. AIDS. 2005;19:1827–1835
  91. Halfon P, Giorgetti C, Bourliere M, Chabert-Orsoni V, Khiri H, Penaranda G, et al. Medically assisted procreation and transmission of hepatitis C virus: absence of HCV RNA in purified sperm fraction in HIV co-infected patients. AIDS. 2006;20:241–246
  92. Cohen MS, Hoffman IF, Royce RA, Kasembe P, Dyer JR, Daly CC, et al. Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. AIDSCAP Malawi Research Group. Lancet. 1998;349:1868–1873
  93. Rotchford K, Strum A, Wilkson D. Effect of coinfection with STDs and of STD treatment on HIV sheddind in genital tract secretions: systematic review and data syntesis. Sex Trans Dis. 2000;27:243–248
  94. Savasi V, Ferrazzi E, Lanzani C, Oneta M, Parrilla B, Persico T. Safety of sperm washing and ART outcome in 741 HIV-1-serodiscordant couples. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:772–777
  95. Sauer MV. Sperm washing techniques address the fertility needs of HIV-seropositive men: a clinical review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2005;1:135–140
  96. Bujan L, Hollander L, Coudert M, Gilling-Smith C, Vucetich A, Guibert J, et al. Safety and efficacy of sperm washing in HIV-1-serodiscordant couples where the male is infected: results from the European CREAThE network. AIDS. 2007;12:1909–1914
  97. ESHRE . Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2002. Results generated from European registers by ESHRE. Hum Reprod. 2006;21:1680–1697
  98. Pena JE, Thornton MH, Sauer MV. Assessing the clinical utility of in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 serodiscordant couples: report of 113 consecutive cycles. Fertil Steril. 2003;80:356–362
  99. Nakhuda GS, Sauer MV. Addressing the growing problem of multiple gestations created by assisted reproductive therapies. Semin Perinatol. 2005;29:355–362
  100. Oliviennes F. Double trouble: yes a twin pregnancy is an adverse outcome. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:1663–1665
  101. Narayana K, D'Souza UJ, Rao KP. Effect of ribavirin on epididymal sperm count in rat. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002;46:97–101
  102. Chu MC, Pena JE, Nakhuda GS, Thornton MH, Sauer MV. Assessing the reproductive performance of men co-infected with HIV-1 and hepatitis C undergoing assisted reproduction. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2006;274:155–159
  103. Letur-KonõÈrsch H, Collin G, Sifer C, Devaux A, Kuttenn F, Madelenat P, et al. Safety of cryopreservation straws for human gametes or embryos: a study with human immunodeficiency virus-1 under cryopreservation conditions. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:140–144
  104. Tedder RS, Zuckerman MA, Goldstone AH, Hawkins AE, Fielding A, Briggs EM, et al. Hepatitis B transmission from contaminated cryopreservation tank. Lancet. 1995;346:137–140
  105. Manno M, Marchesan E, Crovatto M, Martelli P, Tomei F, Adamo V. Preliminary evidence on the safety of ICSI with testicular spermatozoa in HCV-infected male: a case report. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:1666–1668

PII: S0143-4004(08)00243-9

doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.08.006

Placenta
Volume 29 , Pages 160-165 , October 2008