Placenta
Volume 30 , Pages 32-37 , March 2009

The Two Stage Model of Preeclampsia: Variations on the Theme

  • J.M. Roberts

      Affiliations

    • Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3180, USA. Tel.: +1 412 641 1427; fax: +1 412 641 1503.
    • ,
  • C.A. Hubel

      Affiliations

    • Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

,Accepted 14 November 2008.

References 

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  2. Khong TY, De Wolf F, Robertson WB, Brosens I. Inadequate maternal vascular response to placentation in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and by small-for-gestational age infants. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1986;93:1049–1059
  3. Arias F, Rodriquez L, Rayne SC, Kraus FT. Maternal placental vasculopathy and infection: two distinct subgroups among patients with preterm labor and preterm ruptured membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993;168:585–591
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  8. Roberts JM, Hubel CA. Is oxidative stress the link in the two-stage model of pre-eclampsia?. [letter; comment] Lancet. 1999;354:788–789
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  14. Cetin I, Cozzi V, Pasqualini F, Nebuloni M, Garlanda C, Vago L, et al. Elevated maternal levels of the long pentraxin 3 (ptx3) in preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2006;194:1347–1353
  15. Ong CY, Liao AW, Spencer K, Munim S, Nicolaides KH. First trimester maternal serum free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and pregnancy associated plasma protein A as predictors of pregnancy complications. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2000;107:1265–1270
  16. Spencer K, Cowans NJ, Chefetz I, Tal J, Meiri H. First-trimester maternal serum pp-13, papp-a and second-trimester uterine artery doppler pulsatility index as markers of pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2007;29:128–134
  17. Chien PFW, Arnott N, Gordon A, Owen P, Khan KS. How useful is uterine artery doppler flow velocimetry in the prediction of pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation and perinatal death? An overview. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000;107:196–208
  18. Aardema MW, Oosterhof H, Timmer A, van Rooy I, Aarnoudse JG. Uterine artery doppler flow and uteroplacental vascular pathology in normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and small for gestational age fetuses. Placenta. 2001;22:405–411
  19. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Briley A, Kelly FJ, Hunt BJ, Charnock-Jones DS, et al. A longitudinal study of biochemical variables in women at risk of preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002;187:127–136
  20. Savvidou MD, Hingorani AD, Tsikas D, Frolich JC, Vallance P, Nicolaides KH. Endothelial dysfunction and raised plasma concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine in pregnant women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2003;361:1511–1517
  21. Walther T, Wallukat G, Jank A, Bartel S, Schultheiss HP, Faber R, et al. Angiotensin ii type 1 receptor agonistic antibodies reflect fundamental alterations in the uteroplacental vasculature. Hypertension. 2005;46:1275–1279
  22. Shibata E, Rajakumar A, Powers RW, Larkin RW, Gilmour C, Bodnar LM, et al. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 is increased in preeclampsia but not in normotensive pregnancies with small-for-gestational-age neonates: relationship to circulating placental growth factor. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2005;90:4895–4903
  23. Powers RW. Evidence of endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia and risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. Reproductive Science. 2008;15:374–381
  24. Catov JM, Patrick TE, Powers RW, Ness RB, Harger G, Roberts JM. Maternal leptin across pregnancy in women with small-for-gestational-age infants. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2007;196:558;e1-8
  25. Goswami D, Tannetta DS, Magee LA, Fuchisawa A, Redman CWG, Sargent IL, et al. Excess syncytiotrophoblast microparticle shedding is a feature of early-onset pre-eclampsia, but not normotensive intrauterine growth restriction. Placenta. 2006;27:56–61
  26. Hanssens M, Pijnenborg R, Keirse MJ, Vercruysse L, Verbist L, Van Assche FA. Renin-like immunoreactivity in uterus and placenta from normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology. 1998;81:177–184
  27. Cetin I, Marconi AM, Corbetta C, Lanfranchi A, Baggiani AM, Battaglia FC, et al. Fetal amino acids in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. Early Human Development. 1992;29:183–186
  28. Evans RW, Powers RW, Ness RB, Cropcho LJ, Daftary AR, Harger GF, et al. Maternal and fetal amino acid concentrations and fetal outcomes during pre-eclampsia. Reproduction. 2003;125:785–790
  29. Shibata E, Hubel CA, Powers RW, von Versen-Hoeynck F, Roberts JM. Placental system a amino acid transport is reduced in pregnancies with small for gestational age (sga) infants but not in preeclampsia with sga infants. Placenta. 2008;29:879–882
  30. Ness RB, Roberts JM. Heterogeneous causes constituting the single syndrome of preeclampsia: a hypothesis and its implications. [review] American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996;175:1365–1370
  31. Sacks GP, Studena K, Sargent IL, Redman CWG. Normal pregnancy and preeclampsia both produce inflammatory changes in peripheral blood leukocytes akin to those of sepsis. American Journal Of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998;179:80–86
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  34. Robillard PY, Hulsey TC, Perianin J, Janky E, Miri EH, Papiernik E. Association of pregnancy-induced hypertension with duration of sexual cohabitation before conception. [see comment] Lancet. 1994;344:973–975
  35. Koelman CA, Coumans AB, Nijman HW, Doxiadis Dekker GA, Claas FH. Correlation between oral sex and a low incidence of preeclampsia: a role for soluble hla in seminal fluid?. Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2000;46:155–166
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  40. Lain KY, Krohn MA, Roberts JM. Second pregnancy outcomes following preeclampsia in a first pregnancy. Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2005;24:159–169
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  42. Catov JM, Bodnar LM, Ness RB, Barron SJ, Roberts JM. Inflammation and dyslipidemia related to risk of spontaneous preterm birth. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;166:1312–1319
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PII: S0143-4004(08)00384-6

doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.11.009

Placenta
Volume 30 , Pages 32-37 , March 2009

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