Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are altered in pathologies of the human placenta: Gestational diabetes mellitus, intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia

qRT-PCR and Western blotting were performed on NGT and GDM term placenta. mRNA expression of a) PPARα, b) PPARδ, c) PPARγ and d) RXRα. Protein expression for e) PPARα, f) PPARδ, g) PPARγ and h) RXRα. Representative Western blot images are also shown for NGT and GDM expression of e) PPARα, f) PPARδ, g) PPARγ and h) RXRα, all normalised for β-actin. All data were compared by two-sample comparison (Students t-test) with P values < 0.05 denoted with *. Expression of mRNA is displayed as the mean fold change ratio ± SEM and expression of nuclear protein is displayed as the mean optical density (OD/cm²).

qRT-PCR and Western blotting were performed on IUGR, IUGR/PE, PE and control placenta. mRNA expression of a) PPARα, b) PPARδ, c) PPARγ and d) RXRα. Protein expression (including representative Western blot images) of e) PPARα, f) PPARδ, g) PPARγ and h) RXRα. Expression of mRNA is displayed as the mean fold change ratio ± SEM and expression of protein is displayed as the mean optical density (OD/cm²). All data were compared by multiple comparison (ANOVA) using LSD correction. For mRNA expression, significant differences versus control * (p < 0.05), and versus IUGR † (p < 0.05). For protein expression, significant differences versus control * (p < 0.05), versus PE † (p < 0.05).

PPARγ DNA binding activity from preterm control (n = 7), IUGR (n = 7), IUGR/PE (n = 7) and PE (n = 7) placenta. DNA binding activity was compared by ANOVA and two-sample comparison (Students t-test). DNA binding activity is displayed as the mean optical density (at 450 nm) minus the blank ± SEM with * denoting a significant difference compared to control (Students t-test, p < 0.05).