IFPA Award in Placentology Lecture: Complicated interactions between genes and the environment in placentation, pregnancy outcome and long term health

Complex interactions of maternal and paternal genes with lifestyle and dietary factors contribute to pregnancy success. Maternal and paternal genes influence the health of the gametes and early embryo. The unique conceptus genome is a combination of maternal and paternal genes and influences the development of both the fetus and placenta. Placental gene expression affects its invasive and functional capacities and thereby the growth and health of the fetus. Placental secreted factors can also influence the quality of maternal adaptation to pregnancy and hence the health of both mother and baby. The fetus may also signal to the placenta and to the mother to modulate their physiology (teleologically speaking) in attempts to match supply and demand although the evidence for this is newly emerging indicated by the dotted lines. Genes also interact with maternal dietary and lifestyle factors which are potentially modifiable. Particular nutrient deficiencies and use and abuse of social and illicit drugs may interact more severely in association with specific genotypes.